WHAT IS CANADIAN ENGLISH?

Canadian English is a national variety of English spoken by the majority of Canadians. It is neither simply British nor American English, but a distinct variety with its own pronunciation patterns, vocabulary, spelling conventions, and pragmatic norms.
Linguists generally agree that Canadian English is:
• Structurally closer to American English
• Lexically and orthographically mixed (British + American)
• Phonetically distinctive in several well-studied ways

A BIT OF HISTORY

Canadian English developed mainly in the 18th-19th centuries, shaped by:
• British colonization
• Loyalist migration from the United States after the American Revolution
• Later immigration from Britain, Ireland, and Europe
• Contact with Indigenous languages and French
As a result, Canadian English often preserves older British forms, adopts American innovations, and develops homegrown Canadianisms.

PRONUNCIATION

Key Features
1. Canadian Raising
◦ Diphthongs in words like about, price, ride are raised before voiceless consonants.
◦ This is why about may sound like “a-boat” to outsiders (an exaggeration, but based on a real feature).
2. Cot-caught merger
◦ Most Canadians pronounce cot and caught the same.
3. Rhoticity
◦ Like American English, Canadian English pronounces post-vocalic /r/ (e.g., car, hard).
4. Intonation
◦ Generally similar to General American, but with subtle regional differences.

SPELLING

Canadian spelling is a hybrid system:
British-style spellings
• colour, honour, centre, theatre, cheque
American-style spellings
• tire (not tyre)
• aluminum (not aluminium)
• program (not programme, except in specific contexts)
In practice, Canadian spelling is internally standardized (especially in education and publishing), though informal writing may vary.

VOCABULARY

General Pattern
• Core vocabulary aligns closely with American English.
• Distinctive Canadian terms (Canadianisms) exist and are well documented.
• British terms survive in some domains (education, law, government).
Examples
• toque (knit winter hat)
• washroom (restroom)
• loonie / toonie (coins)
• hydro (electricity)
• chesterfield (older term for sofa)

REGIONAL VARIATION

Canadian English is relatively uniform compared to many countries, but regional varieties do exist:
• Atlantic Canada: Irish and British influences; unique vocabulary and idioms.
• Quebec English: French lexical influence and bilingual contact effects.
• Prairies: Some distinctive slang and vocabulary.
• Newfoundland English: Often considered a separate variety due to strong Irish and West Country English influence.
• Indigenous Englishes: Distinct grammatical and pragmatic patterns in some communities.